General overview of john stuart mill- Utilitarianism Essay

General overview of john stuart mill- Utilitarianism - Essay Example Mill’s Utilitarianism actually conflicts with the idea that moral actions is dependent on the will of God and that the pleasure that the person gets from performing these acts is the crucial test of good and evil. Mill was one philosopher that believed so much that individuals have the right to decide and do what is best for them and in their own interest rather than base their decisions on other people’s interests. Mill was of the opinion that individuals must seek the truth and make judgments through strictly monitored, unassuming and tolerant dialogue. Mill believed that is the duty of every individual to take decisions on actions that are in their best interest. He also believes that people should be more tolerant of other people’s opinion rather than rely on force to make people reason along with them as this would go a long way in making the truth known about a particular subject matter. Mill uses a non-relativistic perception of truth and belief to work ou t the notion on toleration. However, Mill believed that this is needed by people to arrive at the truth. On the issue of human reasoning, Mill gave the idea that the reasoning of human beings is unique and valuable.

Supreme Court Rulings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Supreme Court Rulings - Essay Example Perhaps the most important aspect of this case is that the decision of the court to convict Johnson was against his right to symbolic speech, and was in the interest of ‘keeping the peace’ and retaining the flag as a symbol of unity. The fact that Johnson was acting in the interest of freedom of speech, using the desecration of the flag to illustrate his perspective, was considered by some (but by no means all; the final decision by the Supreme Court was 5-4 in Johnson’s favor) to be against the First Amendment. The First Amendment was brought into question here because it suggests that any individual in the United States has the freedom of speech, but the issue here is that flag-burning is not a vocal act but a physical one. It was questionable for some whether Johnson’s act should have been protected by the First Amendment or not (). The decision of the Supreme Court led to the invalidation of laws prohibiting the burning of the flag in 48 out of the 50 s tates. The majority evidently found that flag-burning was inappropriate in many cases but not a legal issue, as Johnson would have been free to burn the flag in private. Additionally, flag-burning was not found to be a unique act, in that it should not be separated from the rulings of the First Amendment simply because it is not a vocal act; it is a act symbolic of freedom of speech. Those who were against the choice felt, however, that Johnson was being inappropriate, and that the flag is a sacred or revered object that needs to be protected. Many also felt that as flag-burning had the potential to cause outrage, it was in the interest of peace to ensure that punishment was given. The importance of this case is that it shows that freedom of speech is alive within the United States, despite the fact that this aspect of the First Amendment seems to protect acts that many Americans find unsavory. It is difficult to say which side was in the right here, as is evidenced by how close the ruling of the Supreme Court is. It seems sensible to protect the flag as it is an emblem of the United States, but freedom of speech is another sacred emblem. It seems necessary to uphold the values of both, although perhaps freedom is more valuable than the simple imagery of the flag. Lee v Weisman Lee v Weisman is one of the most important cases in U.S. history because it was the first Supreme Court case regarding the freedom of religion and prayer in schools. Weisman, the father of a child graduating from Nathan Bishop Middle School, sought a restraining order on a rabbi who was due to speak at his daughter’s graduation ceremony. This was refused, and the parents decided to attend the ceremony, despite the fact that it was voluntary. After the ceremony, the family continued to seek litigation, and the vote was decided 5-4 in the Weisman’s favor. The main reason for this decision is that the constitution forbids all types of coerced prayer (not just forced), despite the fact that this prayer was written to be nonsectarian and inclusive. The fact that the Weisman family had a choice in whether to attend the graduation ceremony was also not found to be a suitable defense, because it is such an important occasion that, despite the fact the choice was there, no real choice was offered. The thought of the opposition was that the prayer was ensured to illustrate the

Handgun control laws Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Handgun control laws - Research Paper Example Strict laws have brought differing outcomes; in Japan and United Kingdom, it has reduced violence rates but in Mexico and Brazil, it has led to extreme or substantial violence (Miron 1). Stricter handgun controls laws and licensing are necessary to save lives. Since the year 1934, there have been a number of gun control laws such as The Federal Firearms Act (1938), The National Firearms Act (1934), The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (1972), The Firearms Owner Protection Act (1986), and National Instant Criminal Background Check System (2007) (Schwartz 1). In 2011, the Obama Administration began a number of modifications designed to tighten penalties and regulations under the present laws. The changes will entail strengthening of the national electronic system through the collection of new information. This is an effort to make the background checks for buyers of handgun fast and simple. The checks under James Brady law will leave an electronic paper. The law is named after James Brady who was Ronald Reagan’s press secretary; in 1981, he was wounded after an assassination attempt on President Reagan. Other changes include tougher sentencing guidelines for the straw buyers (Solomon and Stone 1). However, in the past few months, the Obama Administration seems to have gone mum on gun control. In the courts, it remains alive despite the fact that it has gone dead politically. Gun control is generally seen as bad politics. In 1993, Bill Clinton passed the Brady Handgun Violence Protection Act, however, after Republicans ended Democrats reign in 1994, Clinton blamed gun control. Since the 1980s, state legislatures have not fared well concerning gun control, for instance, more than 30 states have endorsed laws that make it easy for an individual without a criminal record to receive a permit to possess a concealed weapon (Winkler 1). A number of states have implemented laws that let individuals carry

The Fingerprint Identification Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Fingerprint Identification - Assignment Example Sometimes differences or dissimilarities may arise from the fingerprint identification process. These differences do not imply that there is no identification. My opinion is that it is not right that there is non-identification. It is a fact that non-identification would not be possible because the print contains so many matching characteristics, for instance, it has a total of 28 ridges structures that are clearly observable. A print with many matching characteristics like this confirms identification. It would thus not have any dissimilarity. The 28 ridge structures in identification are so much and efficient to confirm the presence of an identification in this scenario. Dissimilarity can only be in the prints that are not matching (Leo, 1998). The structures are sufficient matching characteristics hence, can be used to used to make the evaluation to remove the possibility that the giver of the latent print could be someone else. Dissimilarity only shows that there is an inadequate detail to be certain of the detection. Uncertainty may exist in some latent print assessors who are interchanging the terms distortion and dissimilarity. The impact of such misunderstanding may be a loss of credibility when the latent print examiners cannot support their results. The similarities are used to ascertain identity (Leo, 1998). However, dissimilarity proves that two prints are not matching hence; they are not from the same print. When matching characteristics have been found to detect an identity, there cannot be dissimilarities (Leo, 1998). The notion that dissimilarity can be present despite the number of matching features is not applicable. If this were accurate, then there would forever be dissimilarity. This would eventually mean that identification can never be made. Sometimes distortions can also change the manifestation of prints. The distortions can also obstruct the relationship. They are recurrent in all prints.  

Factional Distillation of Crude Oil Essay Example for Free

Factional Distillation of Crude Oil Essay This process is called fractional distillation. You basically heat crude oil up, let it vaporize and then condense the vapour The various components of crude oil have different sizes, weights and boiling temperatures; so, the first step is to separate these components. Because they have different boiling temperatures, they can be separated easily by a process called fractional distillation. The steps of fractional distillation are as follows: 1. You heat the mixture of two or more substances (liquids) with different boiling points to a high temperature. Heating is usually done with high pressure steam to temperatures of about 1112 degrees Fahrenheit / 600 degrees Celsius. 2. The mixture boils, forming vapor (gases); most substances go into the vapor phase. 3. The vapor enters the bottom of a long column (fractional distillation column) that is filled with trays or plates. The trays have many holes or bubble caps (like a loosened cap on a soda bottle) in them to allow the vapor to pass through. They increase the contact time between the vapor and the liquids in the column and help to collect liquids that form at various heights in the column. There is a temperature difference across the column (hot at the bottom, cool at the top). 4. The vapor rises in the column. 5. As the vapor rises through the trays in the column, it cools. 6. When a substance in the vapour reaches a height where the temperature of the column is equal to that substances boiling point, it will condense to form a liquid. (The substance with the lowest boiling point will condense at the highest point in the column; substances with higher boiling points will condense lower in the column. ). 7. The trays collect the various liquid fractions. 8. The collected liquid fractions may pass to condensers, which cool them further, and then go to storage tanks, or they may go to other areas for further chemical processing. Components of the Mixture Crude Oil Components All the . Product| Boiling point ( degrees Celsius )| Petroleum gas| 40| Naphtha or ligroin| 60-100| Gasoline| 40 205| Kerosene| 175-325| Gas oil| 250-350| Lubricating oil| 300-370| Heavy gas| 370-600| Residues| 600| Products of Separation Assessment Question: Why is the mixture separated? What are the components used for? Why is Mixture Separated? 42393793 161b What are the Components Used For? Below is a list of separated components and what they are used for: Petroleum gas Used for heating, cooking and making plastics. Commonly known by the names methane, ethane, propane, butane. Naphtha or Ligroin Intermediate that will be further processed to make gasoline. Gasoline Motor fuel. †¢liquid Kerosene Fuel for jet engines and tractors; starting material for making other products. †¢liquid Gas Oil or Diesel Distillate Used for diesel fuel and heating oil; starting material for making other products. †¢liquid Lubricating Oil Used for motor oil, grease, other lubricants. †¢liquid Heavy Gas or Fuel oil Used for industrial fuel; starting material for making other products. †¢liquid Residuals Coke, asphalt, tar, waxes; starting material for making other products.

Forensic In Digital Security Information Technology Essay

Forensic In Digital Security Information Technology Essay Computer forensic is a branch of forensic science that involves largely around computer crimes and legal evidence that pertain and revolve around digital evidence. The main aim of computer forensics is to explain the current state of the digital artifact and to provide analysis on the data as evidence to the court. Acquisition of evidence from the scene of crime A police officer or investigator upon receiving the laptop from the parents should first establish if the laptop is switch on or not. If the laptop is running perform a force shutdown by holding down onto the power button and take out the battery. If the laptop is showing clear signs of data of apparent evidentiary value onscreen. The police officer should first seek trained technical personnel who have experience and training in capturing and preserving volatile data before proceeding. The police investigator would also immediately shutdown the laptop through irregular shutdown if there is any sign or indication of activity onscreen indicating data is being overwritten or deleting. Indication of destructive process is being performed on the computer data storage system. This is to ensure that no further evidence is being lost or being tamper. The investigator would also need to check if there is any disk in the disk drive and take a picture of the disc on the disc drive before putting into the anti static bag. The investigator would next place tapes across all disk drives so that no media would be placed in the disk drives. The investigator would also place tapes on the power button on the laptop. This is to ensure that no the evidence would not be tamper in order to preserve the integrity of the data. Documentation If there is cables and wires attached to the laptop. The investigator would also uniquely label, document and take pictures of the wires, cables and devices connected to the laptop. If there is devices attach at the other end of the cables it would also be photographed and documented of it being connected to the laptop. The device, cables and wires would then be individually documented and photographed before putting in the evidence bag. The documentation of the evidences should also include a detail record of the notebook brand, model, serial number, attachments on the notebook and it current state. The surrounding environment where it was being use should be also photograph as evidence. If the notebook is running photographing the screen help in visually documenting the state of it and what was running upon the initial response. Taking photos of front, side and back of the computer. A photograph of the notebook and the surrounding environment and the devices connected help in the reconstruction of the setup should the notebook need to be taken to the lab for further investigation. Documentation is important as it allow the court to verify that correct forensic procedures are being adopt and undertaken. It also effectively allows the recreation of the activities that are performed during the initial response. Evidence Custody Form An evidence custody form is also necessary in order to proof the chain of custody has been in place. As it proof that proper custody of the evidence and the state of the evidence upon custody to proof that proper forensic evidence has been taken place. Handling Digital Evidence All potential evidence should be à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Bag- and-tagà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚  refers to the process of placing crime scene evidence into bags and tagging them with single or multi evidence form. This help in withholding the chain of custody and also the integrity of the evidence. Evidence should be kept in anti-static bags to prevent damage through electrostatic discharge. Computer manuals of the laptop if there are any would also be taken for reference in the lab. A copy of the hard disk image will also be created using programs and also generating of a hash sum to check for consistency or integrity in it. The copy data would then be handed to the appropriate party assisting in the investigations. The source copy would be retained in a locked room with limited or restricted access and kept in anti static bags. This is to ensure that there is a chain of command in place and that the source data is always available and not tamper. In order to preserve the main copy evidence and also allow recreation of procedures if necessary. Transportation When transporting digital evidence, the investigator or the first responder should take note in preserving of the evidence state. The first responder should always keep digital evidence away from magnetic fields produced by radio transmitters, magnet or any other form of magnetic field that might affect the state of the evidence. Potential hazards like heat, cold, humidity or static electricity should be taken note. While transportation, mobile phones should always be kept in faraday isolation bag. Storage Digital evidence should be stored in a secure, climate-controlled environment that is not subject to extreme temperature or humidity that might damage hardware. Digital evidence should not also be expose to magnetic fields, moisture, dust or vibration that might affect the state of the evidence or destroying it. Evidence custody form should also be use to identifies the evidence, who has handled it and the date. Hardware resources for analyzing notebook Hardware Resources The hardware and tools that needed to analyze a notebook are: Laptop Large-Capacity disk drive IDE ribbon cable, 36 inch Linux Live CD ( Backtrack 4.0 ) Laptop IDE 40- to 44 pin adapter Write-blocker Anti static evidence bag Evidence log form Firewire or USB dual write-protect external bay IDE disk drive box Faraday isolation bag ( For cell phone ) Architectural differences between a notebook and desktop One of the key differences between notebook and desktop are that due to the size of the desktop and it ability to be customized the hardware generally follow a certain guidelines or rules. This make forensic easier on desktop as the tools available are able to process most desktop computers. However with notebooks becoming more common in today society tools that are commonly use for desktop are required to be modified and change. The main architecture difference is that a notebook being compact and much smaller in size requires hardware to be much smaller, like the motherboard, ram, and hard disk. Also with some manufacturer installing drivers on their laptop for certain function eg. Webcam, biometric fingerprint scanner set a level of difficulty in investigation as some of this program might not be able to run on a different computer system without the appropriate driver. The difference in architecture of laptop and computer requires different forensic technique and procedures. The interface of an IDE laptop hard disk for instance due to manufacturer maybe smaller than a normal 40 à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ pin ATA ribbon connector. As due to the constraint of a laptop size the hard disk might be smaller. The internal structure of a laptop is much more delicate so it is much harder for the investigator to get the hard disks and component for imaging or storage as evidence. Smaller size laptop known as netbooks are not installed with a CD Rom drive unlike a desktop computer due to their restriction in size. This further complicate forensic process which certain forensic tools that required live CD are not able to be use. This would require the use of USB thumb drive loaded with the OS in order to extract images and information. Laptop unlike Desktop computer also does not allow the use of more than one hard disk at the same time. So imaging process of hard disk would take longer time as it cannot be done simultaneously. Most laptops do not allow the use of CD-Rom and the floppy disk at the same time. Unlike the Computer desktop system this complicates the process of common tools used for desktop. Forensic Tool for Disk Imaging FTK Imager and DCFLdd command would be use for imaging. FTK Imager is a forensic windows based acquisition tool found in various forensic toolkits like HELIX , SANS SIFT Workstation and FTK Toolkit. FTKImager support storage of disk image in EnCase or Smart file format and dd format. With Isobuster technology being built in it, it allows FTKImager to image CD to a ISO/CUE file combination. DCFLDD is an enhanced version of dd it allows hashing for the transmitted data, wiping of disk with known patterns and verifying that the image is identical to the harddisk, using bits. It can also split into multiple files, logs and data can also be piped into external applications. The use of two different imaging software with it generated hash value allow comparison in order to ensure that there is consistency and integrity in the hash value of both image. Additional evidence for clues to victim whereabouts It is important to obtain as much information as possible from the surrounding environment as they might be crucial to investigation and solving of the case. As they might be able to provide a clue to the time line, possible password phrases, that might help in aiding the steps in investigations and step. Additional evidence might include papers with possible password phrases, handwritten notes, blank pads of paper with impression of prior writing on it. Hardwares, software manuals and documentations. Calendars, literature or graphic material these form of materials and article should be treated as possible evidences and preserved in compliance with department policies or protocols. Preserving integrity of digital evidence Hashing is a method for reducing large input into a smaller input. Common hashing algorithm like MD5 and SHA-1 are commonly used to check the integrity of the data as evidence for the court. It is required to have 3 independent checks on the consistency of the image to be computed and recorded for further reference and support as evidence in court. The first check would be against any tool that is running. The second check would be after the disk image duplicate is complete to check that there is consistency in the disk images. The last check would be the consistency of the recipient data image against the source data. Bad File Headers In most file the file headers contain identifying information for the computer to recognize it. Image file headers are often manipulated to trick investigator into overlooking it. The user would often change the file header into different format eg. JPEG to DOC file format. If a forensic investigator were to conduct a search on the machine for pictures, he would simply see it as a doc file and skip it. Another reason is that examining recovered data remnants from file in slack or free space. The file header might be damage and cannot be readable. Thus there is a need to examined it file header using a HEX editor in order to repair it for it be able to view. Source Phillips, Amelia, Nelson, Bill, Enfinger, Frank. (2005).  Guide to computer forensics and investigations. Course Technology Ptr Electronic Crime Scene Investigation: A Guide for First Responders, Second Edition by National Institute of Justice April 2008 Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section Criminal Division, United States Department of Justice. Searching and Seizing Computers and Obtaining Electronic Evidence in Criminal Investigations. http://www.cybercrime.gov/ssmanual2002.htm

Hispanic :: essays research papers

The Latin community in the area which I reside is weak. This is evident in the fact that less Hispanics are involved in community affairs than members of other ethnicity's. It would be rather interesting to be able to know what goes into government policy making. The enthusiasm that I would put forth on this topic would be exemplary. The experience that qualifies me to partake in this institute is my involvement in SALSA (Spanish And Latino Student Association), as well as the fact that I am an aware, young, Hispanic male who sees what really goes on in the Latin community.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It would be quite educational to learn what occurs during the process of the making of government policies which greatly affect our community. Perhaps if more teenagers were given the opportunity to be educated on these matters the community could be bettered. This would improve the community by enriching the lives of youths and pointing them in a direction to work for the people, not against them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The work as well as effort that would be put forth by me would have to be exemplary. This is so because one of my goals in life is to better myself so that I may in turn better my community, especially the Hispanic community. This is an opportunity that I have been waiting for to arise. This is my chance to make a difference.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The experiences that qualify me to take part in this institute's affairs are that I am an active member in the SALSA group, as well as the fact that I am a young, Hispanic male who sees how the Hispanic community works. My involvement in the SALSA club has given me a way to reach out to the Hispanic students in my school, in hopes that if I can inform these young individuals about how to better the community, as well as teach them a sense of self pride in themselves. Then hopefully when they go out into their towns they will also try to make a difference.